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Objective:To explore the mechanism of the extraction of Carthami flos in the treatment of chronic alcoholic liver injury based on metabolomics. Methods:The rats were randomly divided into normal group, model group, positive control group and low, medium and high dose groups of the extraction of Carthami flos, with 10 rats in each group. In addition to the normal group, the other groups were gavaged with 8 ml/kg of 56° Niulanshan Baijiu to prepare the rat model with chronic alcoholic liver injury. After the successful modeling, the positive control group was gavaged with 0.36 mg/kg of Hugan tablet, and the low, medium and high dose groups were gavaged with 0.476 7, 1.430 1 and 4.290 3 g/kg of the extraction of Carthami flos respectively, once a day for 21 days. The contents of GPT, GOT, TG and ALP2 in serum were detected by automatic biochemical analyzer, and the effects of the extraction of Carthami flos on chronic alcoholic liver injury in rats were analyzed by Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS), cluster analysis, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA). Results:The levels of GPT [(42.11±6.58)U/L, (42.38±6.58)U/L vs. (49.96±10.70)U/L] and GOT [(104.81±14.70)U/L, (102.91±23.65)U/L vs. (159.66±53.69)U/L] decreased ( P<0.05 or P<0.01), while the levels of TG [(0.85±0.29)U/L, (0.85±0.23)U/L vs.(0.62±0.21)U/L] and ALP2 [(104.53±13.53)U/L, (100.30±17.28)U/L vs.(77.13±12.54)U/L] increased ( P<0.05 or P<0.01); The results of cluster analysis, PCA and OPLS-DA showed that the model group and the high-dose group of the extraction of Carthami flos could be distinguished obviously. A total of 20 chemical markers were obtained in the serum of rats with chronic alcoholic liver injury treated with the extraction of Carthami flos. Among them, the extraction of Carthami flos can down regulate the level of serum linolenic acid triglyceride in rats with chronic alcoholic liver injury and up regulate triglyceride, palmitic acid, lysophosphatidylcholine, palmitoyl ethanolamide, epinephrine, sphingosine, lysophosphingomyelin α-Linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid are 10 endogenous metabolites. Conclusion:The treatment of chronic alcoholic liver injury with the extraction of Carthami flos may be related to the regulation of endogenous metabolites docosahexadilute acid, docosapentadilute acid α- Linolenic acid.
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Objective: Metabonomics was used to analyze and explore the biomarkers and possible mechanisms of liver and kidney subacute toxicity induced by garidi-5 in rats. Methods: Taking garidi-5 as the target drug and SD rats as the research objects, each administration group except the normal group was intragastric administration of the corresponding drug solution for 28 d. The serum, liver and kidney samples of rats were detected by metabolomics and characterized by principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) to identify the sensitive markers and metabolic pathways of liver and kidney subacute toxicity. Results: Metabolomics analysis showed that compared with the normal group (Z), the 52, 64 and 54 different metabolites were identified in the serum, liver and kidney samples of garidi-5 high dose group (GG), which were mainly enriched in ABC transporters, arginine and proline metabolism, nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, central carbon metabolism in cancer pathways. Conclusion: The preliminarily suggested that garidi-5 can damage the liver and kidney by affecting the ABC transporters, arginine and proline metabolism, nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism pathways, etc. Trimethylamine N-oxide, L-pyroglutamic acid, glycine-betaine, xanthine, glutathione, L-leucine, cytidine, L-arginine, spermidine, urea, 5-aminovaleric acid, creatine, L-glutamic acid, 1-methylnicotinamide and S-adenosyl-L-methionine can be used as potential biomarkers of liver and kidney toxicity sensitivity.
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Introduction@#Lichen is a stable symbiotic complex formed by fungi and symbiotic algae. There are many kinds of lichens, which are cold and drought resistant, and have strong adaptability to the environment. Lichens can grow and reproduce in places where other organisms are difficult to survive. Apart from their ecological importance, they have become important natural medicinal resources due to the production of a large number of unique secondary metabolites (depsides, depsidones, dibenzofurans, pulvinic acid derivatives) and pigments (anthraquinones, napthoquinones, and xanthones) which can act as biomarkers as well as bioactive compounds. <i>Usnea longissima Ach</i>. is a hanging hair lichen, that grows circumpolar in high humidity inland areas and coastal forests of Europe, Asia, and North America. This lichen has been used therapeutically for centuries in Mongolian traditional systems of medicine for its analgesic, cardiotonic, stomachic, and wound healing properties. Recently, many scholars have studied the chemical constituents and biological activities of <i>Usnea longissima Ach</i> and its related varieties, and obtained gratifying results. Previous studies on its chemical constituents have resulted in isolation of several bioactive secondary metabolites which include monosubstituted phenyls, depsides, anthraquinones, dibenzofuran derivatives, and terpenoids. In order to understand the clinical application and devote to the deeper scientific research and development, the pharmacological literature of <i>Usnea longissima Ach</i> was sorted out in this study. @*Methods@#Collect and sort out the modern periodical literature and the related pharmacological studies of Usnea longissima Ach in academic websites. @*Result and Conclusion@#The pharmacological studies of Mongolian medicine <i>Usnea longissima Ach</i> were studied in this paper. <i>Usnea longissima Ach</i> has a long history of medicinal use, which is recorded in the traditional medical materials of Tibetan, Mongolian, Uygurs, Tai and other ethnic minorities, as well as traditional Chinese medicine. According to the records, different nationalities in different countries have their own traditional medical theories as the basis for the diagnosis and treatment of different diseases. Previous studies on its chemical constituents have resulted in isolation of several bioactive secondary metabolites which include monosubstituted phenyls, depsides, anthraquinones, dibenzofuran derivatives, and terpenoids. The <i>Usnea longissima Ach</i> tastes bitter and it has the function of anti-bacterial, antioxidant, anti-cancer and detoxification effects. But it requires further study such as extract, isolate, and analyze the more chemical ingredients and its pharmacological activity.
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Objective To observe the protective effect of Mongolian medicine Carthamus tinctorius in acute liver injury induced by D-GlaN(D-galactosamine)in rat models. Methods The acute liver injury model was established by intragastric administration D-GlaN in rats. The levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase(AST),alanine aminotransferase(ALT),glutathione(GSH-Px),the content of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)in liver tissue and the apoptosis of hepatocytes were determined. Results Mongolian medicine safflower can significantly reduce the activity of serum ALT and AST and liver tissue GSH-Px,and the degree of cell apoptosis;however,no obvious change of the TNF-αcontent was observed. Conclusion The Mongolian medicine Carthamus tinctorius has protective effect in D-GlaN-induced acute liver injury rats probably via anti-oxi-dative and anti-apoptotic abilities.
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OBJECTIVE:To study the protective effects of Mongolian medicine Lomatogonium rotatum water extract against acute liver injury in mice caused by D-GlaN and CCl4. METHODS:60 mice were randomly divided into normal group(normal sa-line),D-GlaN model group(normal saline),positive control group(Kuihua hugan tablet,0.56 g/kg)and L. rotatum water extract high-dose,medium-dose and low-dose groups [3,1.5,0.75 g(crude drug)/kg] 10 rats in each group. They were given relevant medicine intragastrically once a day for consecutive 23 days. 30 min after last administration,those group were given D-GlaN ip to induce acute liver injury model except normal group. The activity of AST,ALT,ALP,and acetylcholinesterase(CHE)content in serum were detected,and liver index was calculated. Liver histopathology was observed and scored. Other 60 mice were selected, and then grouped,given medicine and detected in lab index with same method with above group,except for modeling method(ig, 0.1% CCl4). RESULTS:Compared with normal group,necrosis or degeneration of liver cells were obvious in 2 model groups, pathological score,the activity of AST,ALT and ALP increased while CHE content decreased;liver index of D-GlaN model group increased while that of CCl4 model group decreased (P<0.05). Compared with D-GlaN model group,the activity of AST,ALT and ALP and liver index decreased in L. rotatum water extract groups,while CHE content increased(P<0.05);pathological mor-phology had been improved,and pathological score decreased. Compared with CCl4 model group,ALT activity decreased in L. rota-tum water extract low-dose group,while CHE content and liver index increased;CHE content of L. rotatum water extract medi-um-dose group decreased,while liver index increased;the activity of AST,ALT and ALP decreased in L. rotatum water extract high-dose group,while CHE content increased(P<0.05). Pathological morphology of L. rotatum water extract groups had been im-proved to certain extent,and pathological score decreased. CONCLUSIONS:L. rotatum water extract could protect acute liver inju-ry in mice induced by D-GlaN and CCl4.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the difference of hypaconitine concentration in serum between normal and cold-deficiency mice after administration of aconite decoction. To analyze how the toxic dose of aconite decoction correlate to the metabolic environment.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Prepared cold-deficiency mice model, treated normal and cold-deficiency mice with aconite decoction for 14 days continuously, and then detected hypaconitine concentration in serum by HPLC along with survival ratio of mice on the first, seventh and fourteenth day.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>After administration of aconite decoction for 14 days, the hypaconitine concentration in serum of cold-deficiency mice is close to that in normal mice. It showed aconite decoction has the ability of regulating metabolism environment, the hypaconitine concentration in serum of normal mice was higher on the seventh and fourteenth day than that on first day. It showed that aconite decoction can disturb metabolism environment of normal mice. It was also been observed that the range of variation of hypaconitine concentration in cold-deficiency mice was minor than that in normal mice during the fourteen days' administration.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The difference of serum concentration in normal and cold-deficiency mice showed that there were different metabolic environments in two mice models, and the metabolic environment changed during administration. These results showed that the different toxic doses of aconite decoction were partially due to the different metabolic environments.</p>